Holocaust Records Archive Unveiled

After 60 years of being hidden away from the public, Nazi records about the 17.5 million people — Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, mental patients, handicapped, political prisoners and other undesirables — they persecuted during the regimes 12 years in power will be open to the public. What is the ITS Bad Arolsen Holocaust Archive? The ITS Holocaust Archive in Bad Arolsen, Germany contains the fullest records of Nazi persecutions in existence.  The archives contain 50 million pages, housed in thousands of filing cabinets in six buildings. Overall, there are 16 miles of shelves holding information about the victims of the Nazis. The documents — scraps of paper, transport lists, registration books, labor documents, medical records, and finally death registers — record the arrest, transportation, and extermination of the victims. In some case, even the amount and size of the lice found on the prisoners’ heads were recorded.This archive contains the famous Schindler’s List, with the names of 1,000 prisoners saved by factory owner Oskar Schindler who told the Nazis he needed the prisoners to work in his factory.Records of Anne Frank’s journey from Amsterdam to Bergen-Belsen, where she died at the age of 15, can also be found among the millions of documents in this archive.The Mauthausen concentration camp’s â€Å"Totenbuch,† or Death Book, records in meticulous handwriting how, on April 20, 1942, a prisoner was shot in the back of the head every two minutes for 90 hours. The Mauthausen camp commandant ordered these executions as a birthday present for Hitler.Towar d the end of the war, when the Germans were struggling, the record keeping was not able to keep up with the extermination. And unknown numbers of prisoners were marched directly from trains to gas chambers in places like Auschwitz without being registered. How were the archives created? As the Allies conquered Germany and entered the Nazi concentration camps beginning in the spring of 1945, they found detailed records that had been kept by the Nazis. The documents were taken to the German town of Bad Arolsen, where they were sorted, filed, and locked way. In 1955, the International Tracing Service (ITS), an arm of the International Committee of the Red Cross, was put in charge of the archives. Why were the records closed to the public? An agreement signed in 1955 stated that no data that could harm the former Nazi victims or their families should be published. Thus, the ITS kept the files closed to the public because of concerns about the victims privacy. Information was doled out in minimal amounts to survivors or their descendants.This policy generated much ill-feeling among Holocaust survivors and researchers. In response to pressure from these groups, the ITS commission declared itself in favor of opening up the records in 1998 and began scanning the documents into digital form in 1999.Germany, however, opposed amending the original convention to allow for public access to the records. German opposition, which was based on possible misuse of information, became the main barrier to opening the Holocaust archives to the public.Yet until now Germany resisted the opening, on the grounds that the records involve private information about individuals that could be misused. Why are the records now being made available? In May 2006, following years of pressure from the United States and survivors groups, Germany changed its viewpoint and agreed to a fast revision of the original agreement.Brigitte Zypries, the German justice minister at the time, announced this decision while in Washington for a meeting with Sara J. Bloomfield, the director of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.Zypries said, Our point of view is that the protection of privacy rights has reached by now a standard high enough to ensure ... the protection of privacy of those concerned. Why are the records important? The immensity of information in the archives will provide Holocaust researchers with work for generations. Holocaust scholars have already started to revise their estimates of the number of camps run by the Nazis according to new information being found. And the archives present a formidable obstacle to Holocaust deniers.In addition, with the youngest survivors very swiftly dying each year, time is running out for survivors to learn about their loved ones. Today survivors fear that after they die, no one will remember the names of their family members who were killed in the Holocaust. The archives need to be accessible while there are still survivors alive who have the knowledge and drive to access it.The opening of the archives means that survivors and their descendents can finally find information about the loved ones they lost, and this may bring them some well-deserved closure before the end of their lives.

Obedience Is Not A Bad Thing Essay - 1420 Words

Compliance with an order, request, or submission to another’s authority is obedience. Just about everyone obeys someone or something on a daily basis without even thinking about it. It is normal and useful for keeping law and order in a common civilized society. Obedience is not a bad thing, it is just a way of controlling people. However, the opposite end of obedience is disobedience which is usually viewed as bad, especially in the context of a societal view. Both obedience and disobedience serve a purpose, from positive control through obedience, to denying control to avoid being influenced to do something immoral. Erich Fromm, Doris Lessing, and Stanley Milgram reveal how the effects of obedience can be negative and how hard it can be to disobey. Obedience can be catastrophic; during the holocaust, many men obeyed orders only to find they were puppets in an evil scheme. However, thriving obedience in the human species is a cause of the need to please, a difficulty to disob ey, and social pressures that are displayed among groups. Many war crimes and horrific historical events involve the forces of obedience especially within groups. These tragic events as time has passed have sparked curiosity in many behavioral scientists. Research through experimentation has occurred and helped explain some of the behaviors witnessed such as in the famous Milgram experiment. Stanley Milgram performed an experiment that revealed some truly baffling facts when it comes to obedience. TheShow MoreRelatedObedience Is Not A Bad Thing Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesObedience is defined as compliance with an order, request, or submission to another’s authority. Just about everyone obeys someone or something on a daily basis without even thinking about it. It is normal and useful for keeping law and order in a common civilized society. Obedience is not a bad thing, it is just a way of controlling people. However, the opposite end of obedience is disobedience which is usually viewed as bad, especially in the context of a societal view. Both obedience and disobedienceRead MoreObedience to Authority Essays836 Words   |  4 Pageseven human being’s life; along with this, is the expectation of obedience to that authority. Through this obedience, many great things have been accomplished, as well as many instances of cruel and immoral acts. Defiance of the established authority, though, has also lead to great things, such as the creation and founding of the United States of America. In his writing, Obedience to Authority, Stanley Milgram examines the obedience to authority without questioning or taking responsibility and theRead MoreReal Life Implications Of The Milgram Experiment1698 Words   |  7 PagesReal Life Implications of the Milgram Experiment One of the most controversial studies in the history of psychology is Stanley Milgram’s Obedience experiment, which revealed the power of obedience and the horrendous acts people would commit when faced by an authority figure. Milgram selected male participants to be part of a learning study. He got people to be either the learner or the teacher. It was fixed that they were always the teacher. The teacher would shock the learner if they would getRead MoreA Few Good Men By Erich Fromm1403 Words   |  6 Pages Studying obedience to authority most often reveals human nature repugnantly; however, it teaches society individual capability and, thus, it can prevent unethical actions. In the film, A Few Good Men, Col. Nathan R. Jessup, the commanding officer at Guantanamo Bay Cuba orders a â€Å"code red† – an unsanctioned disciplinary action against Pfc. William T. Santiago. Lance Cpl. Harold W. Dawson and Pfc. Louden Downey, two U.S. Marines, are the fellow platoon members that implement the code red, and LtRead MoreA Few Good Men Analysis1331 Words   |  6 Pagesauthorization, specifically in the military (Zimbardo 116-117, Kelman and Hamilton 139-142). Zimbardo would consider Dawson’s following of the Code Red to be a product of his environment, in this case, the military (116). Based on â€Å"When Good People do Bad Things,† Dr. Phil, Ph.D., agrees with Zimbardo that ordinary people are capable of carrying out heinous acts, depending on the situation. Dr. Phil interviews a military Ranger, Alex, who robbed a bank inadvertently. The Ranger was under the impressionRead MoreEssay on Obedience to Authority574 Words   |  3 PagesObedience to Authority Today our society raises us to believe that obedience is good and disobedience is bad. We are taught that we should all do what we’re told and that the people that are disobedient are almost always bad people. Society tells us this, but it is not true. Most people will even be obedient to the point of causing harm to others, because to be disobedient requires the courage to be alone against authority. In Stanley Milgram’s Perils of Obedience experiment, his studiesRead MoreWhat Can Social Psychology Teach Us About What Happened At Abu Ghraib? Essay1023 Words   |  5 Pagesthe line to gain information by the centre intelligence agency, tier 1A was known as the interrogation hold. One detained was mentally ill, he covered himself in faeces every day, the soldiers would have to role him in sand so he wouldn’t smell so bad and they named him ‘Shitboy’. What was he doing in an interrogation hold? This is one example that shows the level of humilia tion and dehumanisation that went on. Philip Zimbardo was an expert witness for U.S. Army Reserve Staff Sgt. Ivan â€Å"Chip† FrederickRead MoreCustomer Service And Employee Satisfaction1604 Words   |  7 Pagesthat good leadership directly relates to the quality of business. Meaning that the better the leadership, the better the business. Quality leadership one of the major keys of developing good customer service and employee satisfaction. Considering obedience defines whether we obey or disobey the authority, many individuals today have no choice but to obey. Leaders of businesses are far along being autocratic to their leadership style instead of democratic. Individuals feel afraid and feel like slavesRead MoreDisobedience Vs Obedience1700 Words   |  7 PagesIn society, obedience to authority is ingrained in humanity from an early age, causing some individuals to blindly obey orders without contemplating the credibility of the source. In psychoanalyst Erich Fromm’s article â€Å"Disobedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem,† he explains that throughout human history obedience has been associated with virtue and disobedience with sin (Fromm 127). Fromm suggests that our conscience is an internalized voice of authority (126). Fromm claims individuals needRead MoreResearch Paper on Child Behavior1597 Words   |  7 Pagesoblivious to the respect that parents deserve and everything centers on their own needs. Throughout this paper many things have been explored such as: attachment issues in psychology, history of childhood behavior problems in biological relatives of boys with ADHD and conduct disorder, dealing with disrespect in your teenager, the seven keys to child obedience and how children’s bad behavior gives insight to academic achievements. New Research Suggest â€Å"New research suggests that children entering

Leadership for a Critical Perspective for Information Technology

Question: Write about theLeadership for a Critical Perspective for Information Technology. Answer: Introduction Leadership is normally used to understand the condition of the quality of human being by which team of followers can be guided. It is often found that in organization team is led by an individual who has innovative and strategic ability to guide the team through real route through which the team can find the proper way to ensure successful accomplishment of the objective. Leadership is inherent within the individual and the same comes out when the situation demands for it (Daskal, 2016). Role of leadership Leadership in any organization is required at every level in any organization. Role of leadership is distinctly different at different levels of operation. In top level, role of leadership is required to find out the macro objective of the organization. This can explore required level of expertise to make certain strategies which can ensure accomplishment of objectives successfully. This role is guiding the entire team of organization in macro level with special emphasis on next level leaders for proper execution of strategies down the line. For ground level, role of leadership serves the purpose to lead from front to face any crisis management to set the precedence for leaders (Managementstudyguide, 2015). Critical analysis of leadership The erstwhile concept of organizational leadership theory confirmed that any organization had leader in the form of top executive who is responsible for fixation of organizational objectives and respective strategies to accomplish those objectives. The latest trend of business demands something else from the leadership of any organization. The ever changing business scenario constantly under the pressure of competitiveness demands innovative power to sustain in long run. The demand of the situation of present organizational leadership hence demands the proactive attitude with expertise for the organizational leaders to prove their ability to overcome the ever changing business situation with the ability to prove long term sustainability in the business scenario of competitive hardship (Welch, 2015). Issues of organizational leaders Organizational leaders normally find the uphill task to accomplish organizational objective which demands their expertise and skill of managing the team. Ultimate objective of any organization is to ensure proper strategies to ensure sustainability where leadership plays vital role. Normally leadership faces issues which are often created due to external factors like threats. Issues of threat can only be overcome through proper guidance which needs proper analysis of situation. Organizational threat normally happens when the organization is facing some external challenges. It is the duty of the organizational leader to analyze for finding the right strategy to overcome such challenges. It is the duty of the leader to find the way, convey it to the followers, make them understand the possible way of execution and, if required, guide them with personal intervention related to execution. The more the organizational leader is conversant with the type of different challenges- prevailing a nd upcoming, the more he is successful with the plausible solution of such issues (Managementstudyguide, 2015). Relation between effective leadership and success of the organization Effective leadership can turn a non-performed organization into successful organization through different ways. Effective leadership can show ways to the followers with proper guidance with hands on execution as required. Effective leadership honors the vision and mission of any organization, well aware of the objectives and the values of the organization and has distinct views about the way to accomplish such objectives honoring the mission statement and the values of the organization. Success of any organization is depending upon the successful execution of strategies fit for accomplishment of organizational objectives and effective leadership is well equipped with the ability to make it happen by his team management empowered with his expertise and inter-personnel skills (Pradeep Prabhu, 2011). Development of leadership plan and implementation of strategies Development of leadership plan is essential part of developmental program on human resources of any organization. Different organizations spend good amount of money to develop leadership skills in the organization through proper training and necessary orientation. Implementation of strategies is directly linked to leadership and development of such plan is necessary for proving success of the organization (Kraus Wilson, 2012). Conclusion Leadership is a basic requirement through which any organization grows with proper direction. Leadership is such quality that depends upon individual ability. Leadership quality can be sharpened by proper training. Good leader can be able to handle human resource with motivation and commitment and guide them with the desired path of execution to accomplish organizational objective. References: Daskal, L. (2016, September 28). What Is Leadership? Retrieved August 26, 2017, from Inc: https://www.inc.com/lolly-daskal/100-answers-to-the-question-what-is-leadership.html Kraus, A., Wilson, C. (2012). Leadership Development for Organizational Success. Retrieved August 26, 2017, from Siop: https://www.siop.org/whitepapers/visibility/leadershipdevelopment.pdf Managementstudyguide. (2015). Role of a Leader. Retrieved August 26, 2017, from Managementstudyguide: https://managementstudyguide.com/role_of_a_leader.htm Managementstudyguide. (2015). Role of a Leader. Retrieved August 26, 2017, from Managementstudyguide: https://managementstudyguide.com/role_of_a_leader.htm Pradeep, D. D., Prabhu, N. (2011). The Relationship between Effective Leadership and Employee Performance. International Conference on Advancements in Information Technology, 20, 198-208. Welch, J. (2015). Importance of leadership for organizational excellence. Retrieved August 26, 2017, from Ispatguru: https://ispatguru.com/importance-of-leadership-for-organizational-excellence/

Women have been compared to the frailty and beauty Essay Example For Students

Women have been compared to the frailty and beauty Essay of ripe apricots in modern poetry; the reference could be construed as sexual.However, in spite of their frailty and beauty, women have served in combat positions in one capacity or another since the beginning of the United States, long before the establishment of the Army Nurse Corps in 1901. Many women willingly entered the pits of battle, disguised as men and using male names in past wars. With growing numbers of women in the military and their roles in Desert Storm, the Persian Gulf War, Somalia, and Bosnia, there is increasing interest regarding their full integration and future role in combat. There are still US military women who strive to be allowed to serve their country in other capacities during wartime since the first deployment of women on combat ships in 1995. Most people have trust in their armed services to protect and uphold the ideals in which their country was founded. Allowing women to enter the armed forces represented the ideal that everyone should have equal op portunities to pursue happiness. Within this silver lining there is the contention by some that in letting women serve, especially in a direct combat role, we are defeating the primary purpose of the military: to protect our mother country. This view could be considered to fall in unison with the ancient double standard that women are the weaker gender. But what is combat specifically? Combat is about being exhausted, hungry, and living in the mud for long periods without access to clean water for drinking or bathing. Its about long periods of boredom interrupted by violent interludes of jolting fear, mingled with the agonizing cries of wounded, and the piercing sound of artillery. Its about the flesh burning stench from napalm or watching as fellow comrades gasp a last breath. Its about extreme discomfort and random degrees of emotion coursing through your being with no way out. Women in military specialties that are closer to the action would result in the likelihood of their beco ming casualties just like men. Does this relevant factor elude those who want to be in combat? During Desert Storm five women were killed by hostile action, while two were held captive. Some women in the military maintain that service in combat means more promotions for them; thereby attracting more women to the service. Has combat been reduced to an opportunity? Does this contingency sound similar to the propaganda and glorification of war arranged to intrigue the naive into conflict? Surveys claim that some military women do not think of war as such. A 1992 survey concerning differences among Army personnel found that only 12 percent of Army enlisted women would volunteer for combat arms if it were at all possible. Critics claim physical standards for combat training are at risk and will be compromised if women are allowed into combat positions. Physical standards are critically important in such occupations as the infantry and in special operations units. There is contention reg arding the disruption of the militarys mission when female troops allowed in combat become pregnant. It is thought by some, the relationships that would inevitably develop would induce new and greater risk for men who acted differently in combat toward females than they do toward males. Homosexuality in the military offers additional biased credence to this theory. We will write a custom essay on Women have been compared to the frailty and beauty specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now But the most damaging instance is thought to be the devastating impact on the morale, team cohesion, and fighting spirit within the armed forces. Combat is known to be a team activity, which regiments soldiers. Some women may indeed be as physically and mentally capable as men to perform combat duties, but what matters more in combat is not so much individual ability as teamwork. It is presumed the presence of women in combat would disrupt the basic teamwork that makes a difference between victory and defeat or life and death on the battlefield. .u20d4be35c5541634292dc8970518022a , .u20d4be35c5541634292dc8970518022a .postImageUrl , .u20d4be35c5541634292dc8970518022a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u20d4be35c5541634292dc8970518022a , .u20d4be35c5541634292dc8970518022a:hover , .u20d4be35c5541634292dc8970518022a:visited , .u20d4be35c5541634292dc8970518022a:active { border:0!important; } .u20d4be35c5541634292dc8970518022a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u20d4be35c5541634292dc8970518022a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u20d4be35c5541634292dc8970518022a:active , .u20d4be35c5541634292dc8970518022a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u20d4be35c5541634292dc8970518022a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u20d4be35c5541634292dc8970518022a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u20d4be35c5541634292dc8970518022a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u20d4be35c5541634292dc8970518022a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u20d4be35c5541634292dc8970518022a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u20d4be35c5541634292dc8970518022a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u20d4be35c5541634292dc8970518022a .u20d4be35c5541634292dc8970518022a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u20d4be35c5541634292dc8970518022a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bipolar Disorder Essay And finally, there is the rising of the old argument that female soldiers will be taken prisoner and sexually abused by enemy forces. Major Rhonda Cornum who was taken prisoner by Iraqi forces after her helicopter was shot down over Iraq during the Persian Gulf War denied any abuse initially, however she later admitted that she was violated manually vaginally and rectally. How many men taken prisoner denied any abuse when they were subjected to sexual violations? Under any conditions, in our society males are reluctant to admit or volunteer information of this type of abuse when they are the victims. Further, from the experience in Desert Storm, sexu al abuse of female captives will undoubtedly be used to extort information from male prisoners.History has proven that despite the Geneva Convention, varying degrees of mistreatment is always practiced to extort information. The role of women in the military will continue to be a topic of discussion whether the issue is combat, family, or homosexuality. The acceptance of women in the armed forces has been evolving from a role of freeing men for combat to equality in all facets of military life. Today, women are undergoing training as combat pilots and crewmembers for aircraft carriers and other fighting ships. This change is in response to demands for the potential of career advancement and equal opportunities for women who are qualified and truly want to serve in dangerous combat jobs. When a female soldier may choose whether or not she goes into combat, this creates a reversed meaning for the old term double standard; There is no option for the male soldiery. Desert Storm commander General Norman Schwarzkopf testified to Congress, Decisions on what roles women should play in war must be based on military standards, not womens rights. Applying the individuals make the team analogy of critics, let me suggest the military standard should not center on anyones rights or obligation, but instead on the individual in all instances. Perhaps then war would be called off like other events that lack participation.

Own Informatione Products Essays - Publishing, Typesetting

Own Informatione Products Essays - Publishing, Typesetting Own Informatione Products CREATE YOUR OWN INFORMATION PRODUCTS! Millions and millions of full sized books and small booklets are sold each year. Most are produced by the large publishing houses. However, there are also several million books sold every year by small, unassuming, one-person publishing companies. Many of these one-person publishers operate from a home-based office. And, surprisingly, some home-based publishers earn excellent incomes. (What's more, some are even becoming very rich.) In this report you'll learn how to succeed as a home-based publisher, producing books, booklets, reports and manuals on nearly every subject imaginable. And, if you have no desire to write your own material, you'll learn how to get authors to write for you. Many authors have chosen to by-pass the usual publishing routes and, instead, self-publish their own books. Admittedly, this requires more work, but it could also mean more profits. There are many reasons authors decide to self-publish, including: 1. It's very difficult to get a manuscript accepted by the giant publishing houses, unless you are a personality in some field, or are already a successful author. 2. Often, the large publishing companies will want to edit a manuscript in such a manner that is unacceptable to the author. 3. Often, the author can market his own book more effectively than a large publisher will. This is especially true if the material is of a non- fiction or of how-to nature. 4. Self publishing allows the author to keep all of the profits. 5. There is plenty of opportunity for the author/self- publisher to set up other profit center products that are related to the topic of the book. So, as you can see, there are many compelling reasons why thousands of authors have chosen to self-publish. Also, the availability of low cost microcomputers have made self-publishing much easier than in past years. This report will give you a step- by- step approach to self-publishing your own book. Note: this report is not about writing. It is assumed that you will write your own booklets, or hire a ghostwriter to do the job for you. So the following information will focus only on the steps you need to take to succeed (make money) as a self- publisher. HOW IT WORKS AND HOW TO DO IT STEP-BY-STEP (1) Generate book ideas and proposals, either your own or by hiring authors/ghostwriters. (2) Evaluate these ideas and proposals as to the feasibility of producing a valued book, and reaching a large group of prospective customers. (3) Evaluate the size of the market and determine how you'll reach that market. Also, research any competitive books. (4) Consider various related products that you could sell to the people who buy your book. (5) Write and edit the book, pay royalties to an author, or hire a ghostwriter to do it for you. (6) Produce a camera-ready copy for the printer. (7) Begin your marketing effort by designing ads and brochures. (Often, this step comes before, or during, writing the book. Your sales material can give you something to live up to.) (8) Launch a full scale marketing and publicity campaign. (A full-scale roll-out should follow a test marketing campaign. You want to make certain you have a truly salable product, and should spend little money to test the waters.) (9) Get printing quotes and have the final version of the book ready to print and bind as soon as you're sure there will be sufficient sales to warrant these costs. (10) Sell follow-up products to your customers. All of these steps can be carried out quickly. You could easily have a fast-selling book on the market within 6 months, or less. SELECTING A TOPIC The best, and easiest, subjects for self-publishers to produce are of the how to genre. Books, reports and manuals that tell readers how to do something are among the liveliest sellers. It's very difficult for a small publisher to be successful with novels, or poetry books. So this report will focus on how to books. However, you can apply many of the techniques discussed here to market other kinds of books as well. To begin, you should publish material on topics which you are most familiar. You should also have a market targeted and a plan for reaching that market. Example: you may have in mind to produce a book about how to make money with crafts to be sold in small craft shops, craft fairs, craft magazines and through direct mail to people who make craft items. It's not necessary for you to be an expert on a topic if you aren't writing the book yourself. But you do need to be knowledgeable enough to evaluate the book proposals that

Its Always Si Vous Voulez, Never Si Vous Voudriez

Its Always Si Vous Voulez, Never Si Vous Voudriez Mistakes will always be made in French, and now you can learn from them. In English, I would like is softer and more polite than I want, and French has a similar distinction.  Instead of je veux (present), one says je voudrais  (conditional). But theres a snag in this equation: English speakers want to say the polite  if you like or if you would like, and they often end up translating this into French as si vous voudriez. The Mistake But si vous voudriez  would be a mistake.  In French, you cant say  si vous voudriez  to mean if you would like, because the French  conditional can never be used after  si (if).  You can only say  si vous voulez. This goes for the whole conditional conjugation:  For instance, si je voudrais  is wrong. But you can say  si je veux. And  si tu voudrais is not possible. But you can say  si tu veux. Memorize every person in the conditional  present of vouloir to recognize what to avoid in polite statements that include a si clause: je voudraistu voudraisil voudraitnous voudrionsvous voudriezils voudraient Vouloir and Polite Requests The verb vouloir (to want or to wish), one of the most common French verbs and one of the most useful irregular verbs, also beautifully expresses polite requests  in the conditional without a si clause present.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Je voudrais une pomme.   I would like an apple.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Je voudrais y aller avec vous.   I would like to go with you. In general, the French conditional mood is very similar to the English conditional mood. It describes events that are not guaranteed to occur; often they are dependent on certain conditions. While the French conditional mood has a full set of conjugations, the English equivalent is just the modal verb would plus a main verb. The French conditional is mainly used in  if...then  sentences  to express what would happen if a condition were met. The conditional is in the result (then) part of the clause, not the clause that follows  si  (if).   Ã‚  Si nous à ©tudiions, nous serions plus intelligents.If we studied, (then) we would be smarter.

Security analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Security analysis - Essay Example Consequently, more fund managers from the United Kingdom have made efforts to invest in China since its economic growth rate is significantly higher compared to other countries in the world. It is imperative to note that investment fund managers are driven by the potential rate of return from a given region, and this is the motivating factor for choosing an investment destination. Advantages of Investing in China One of the advantages of investing in China is the magnitude presented in the potential of its market. Foreign ventures and businesses set up investments in order to serve a local market. The market size and growth rate opportunities are some of the key factors in the determination of an investment destination. Essentially, investors target unexploited markets that are of a significant size with potential for growth. Therefore, countries that have large markets and growth potential are viable investment destinations. The Chinese population of over one billion people offers a large market for any industrial products (Malkiel et al., 2010). In fact, the huge population has a great consumption potential that can be harnessed for business gain. In the recent past, the purchasing power of the Chinese population has also increased significantly, scaling up the uptake of goods and services. Therefore, the large population of the Chinese region attracts fund managers to invest in the region due to the potentially huge market that population offers. Imperatively, China is a prime location for any investor to pump financial resources into as the prospect of getting a market for the goods and services produced is high. The infrastructural development of a region has an influence on the economic growth of the place. The availability of roads, waterways and other forms of transport is a critical consideration in the evaluation of an investment destination. The Chinese administration has made significant investments in the transport infrastructure. In fact, popular investment destinations in China such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou have a world class transport infrastructure that offers a great environment for investment (Buckley, Wang & Clegg, 2006 p. 145). The availability of resources is an important factor in the selection of an investment destination. Human resource is a significant factor of production for any economic activity. The large Chinese population offers a huge pool of labor force that can be harnessed for economic production. The large population in China also implies that the cost of labor is significantly lower compared to other regions. One of the principles of business investment is the minimization of cost. The relatively low cost of labor in China makes the cost of business operations less than in countries in the European Union (Eichengreen & Tong, 2006). Hence, low costs of operations can offer a business an opportunity to obtain more profits in the long run. China also has substantial natural resources. Industria l production and manufacturing rely on natural resources to produce goods and products. China has its own oil reserves as well as the largest coal deposits on the globe. The supply of electric power is sufficient and affordable. It should be noted that the country has minerals and land which can be harnessed for economic gain. China has adopted policies that encourage openness to international trade as well as easy access to internation

Rhetorical Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Rhetorical Argument - Essay Example Lamar provides suggestions on how a 3-year college degree is efficient in terms of educational and cost. On the other hand, the authors of What’s College for Anyway give similar sentiments. The authors believe that college time should be reduced but they have been keen to point out international students who might be required to take a little longer due to language barrier and acclimatization reasons. James Altucher the author of Skip Diploma, 8 alternatives to college begins with a story on how he used his college fee to buy a car only to return the car and join a college. He regrets this decision and cites reasons such as costs of education and time consumed in college as his reasons for regret. He therefore does not want other students to go through what he went through and provides them with 8 alternatives for college. Ironically, he gives reasons such as travelling around, creating an art, make people laugh, write a book as some of his alternatives. Jacques Steinberg is t he author of Plan B, Skip College. He reviews some of the professors and University presidents regarding this issue. ... The paper reviews their thoughts and offers analytical recommendation and conclusion regarding their debates. Thesis Statement There has been a lot of controversy regarding the time college students should spend in colleges and in the universities. There has also been a major concern regarding the quality of education in American colleges and Universities. Moreover, many critics believe that a four years education career at the university or the college is so expensive. Most of the scholars argue against the traditional 4 years and thinks that this time should be reduced to 3 years. I believe that college and university time should be reduced to three years instead of the traditional and fixed four years. Will this provide America with the fresh, energetic and skilled labor that it is lacking? Skip the Diploma According to the author of Skip the Diploma: 8 alternatives to college, James Altucher, attending college has made him regret his life. He gives 8 alternatives for attaining a diploma in a college. It is quite challenging to realize that most of the scholars are against attending colleges and give options for business as a way of living (James Altucher). The US government has been struggling with a shortage of skilled labor for quite a long time and the country depends on foreign labor in order to meet its demands. For this reason, questions have been raised on whether to shorten colleges and university duration in order to meet this demand. President Obama recently gave a proposal of an extended education a view, which has not been received well and has been criticized by most scholars and policy makers in the US. There have been concerns about the quality of education US has been producing. US is one of the economic giants in the world and

Consulting Services in Information Technology Essay Example for Free

Consulting Services in Information Technology Essay Before discussing the role of consulting service firms in procurement of Information Technology resources and solutions, we will first describe some rules of thumb that dictate the selection process for aforesaid purpose. The basic rule is â€Å"the simpler the better†, but this often leads to oversimplification of complex tasks (Braley, 2009) and we must avoid wastage of time and resources that occurs due to unnecessary attention to detail. There is a myth that a well-written contract is of primary importance in procurement process. This assumption is not true and leads to a lack of effort in making things go right. Next rule is that one must not sacrifice effectiveness of day to day data collection and other important activities on the assumption that output is the sole primary concern of the system. Schedule of projects must be realistic, which is rarely the case, leading to a myth that projects never complete on time (Braley, 2009). Having discussed some of the myths and realities of IS procurement, we will now compare and contrast the approaches of different consultancy firms in selection process. Accenture is a worldwide corporation that provides services in the areas of outsourcing, management consulting and technology (Accenture, 2009). As their value proposition â€Å"High Performance. Delivered. † suggests, they value constant innovation to perform better and their results show that their commitment to their clients is exemplary. Extensive research is their strongest arm which lets their clients procure the best available solution to their specific problems. Accenture works together with customers, including governments, to help them perform much better (Accenture, 2009). Their 2008 revenues were in excess of $25 Billion and income was around $1. 6 Billion showing strong growth from their 2007 results (Wikipedia, 2009). In contrast, Infosys, based in India, has slightly different values but the same quest for excellence. This $4 Billion revenue generating company provides technology-enabled business solutions to help businesses win in a Flat World (Infosys, 2009). The term Flat World is of key importance here. Their philosophy of by passing structural issues and minimizing bureaucratic hassle is embedded in this term. Today, they lead worldwide in the next generation of IT and consulting (Infosys, 2009). Their philosophy enables them to use IT to introduce dynamism in a corporation to make it flexible to adapt to rapid changes in today’s world. We discussed two successful IT consultants with very different philosophies but one goal: to provide their clients with the specific solutions that make them leaders in their fields. Accenture believes in extensive research and harnesses its power, whereas Infosys flattens an organization for timely and helpful results. The rules of thumb, that we discussed earlier, are evidently practiced within both consultancies we discussed. For example, Accenture practices the simplicity rule when it uses research to know exactly what is required by client and the level of understanding of end users. Infosys does not let perfection of RFP hinder its flat world dream by putting least emphasis on mere documentation and more focus on tangible results. One trend in today’s IT market is for more and more IT consultancy firms to venture into solution-builder business themselves (Wikipedia, 2009). This diversifies their market portfolios and increases their customer base. We conclude our discussion by pointing out that the trend mentioned above is good for customers as it provides them complete IT solutions within one roof. Both the consultancies we discussed aim to be that one roof for governments and corporate clients.

College Writing Essay -- Education Educational Persuasive Essays

College Writing When I was a senior in high school, I had an ogre for an English teacher. Mr. Bergan was one of the toughest teachers I ever had. The class was College Prepatory writing, and the goal was that, by the time we were finished, we should be able to write concise, well organized papers that would be acceptable to college level professors. Every day we would write papers, and Mr. Bergan closely read every one of them. Then he would hand them back with the details of any problems, and we would have to fix them. No one got an "A" from Bergan on their first hand in. He demanded perfection: any extra fluff had to be trimmed from the paper; any paper that did not end where it started had to be re-written so it did; if the introduction and the conclusion didn't match, we had to start the paper all over again. His demand for perfection paid off, and by the time the year was over, everyone in the class had the skills to write quality papers. Now that I am in college, I have found very few professors that demand such perfection. It seems that half-baked ideas and poorly written papers pass when the teacher doesn't have the time to pay close attention to every paper because he or she has too many other papers to read. I feel that if the teachers placed a demand for higher quality papers, rather than sheer numbers of papers, that student's writing skills would increase. Though I feel I do have the skills to write well organized, well written, high quality papers, I know that I do not utilize those skills on every paper I write. If a paper is due at the end of the quarter, I occasionally find myself waiting until the very last day, the very last possible moment before I start to write. I don't give myself enough time to w... ...flawless. There was really not much I could help this student with, so I asked her why she came in. She told me she wasn't a good writer, and wanted someone who could write well to make sure her paper was o.k. It was. Any student who doesn't realize the importance of his or her writing will not expend the effort needed to write a good paper, nor will they bother trying to obtain the sills needed to write well. They will try to b.s. their way through, caring very little for the paper itself and caring only for the grade they paper will recieve. If these things were done, I do not think it would be necessary to change the way English is taught. But, even if the change would be needed, it makes more sense to start with foundational issues of sentence construction, making sure that the simple sentences are well written, before moving on to any more complex issues.

Money Does Not Bring Happiness

There’s an opinion which says that money brings happiness. Some people agree with it, others not. The discussion has lasted for a long time and still there are different points of view about it. Nowadays, we can divide our society into two groups of people: those whose life is centered around money and others who know that there are more important things than being rich. The latter are aware that wealthy people often aren’t able to have a real friend.People who surround the wealthy, are only expecting for themselves. Moreover, there are people who believe that money can be a medicine for everything. But they make a mistake, as no sum of cash can prevent us from old age, loneliness, diseases, accidents, death or stuff like this. And it’s useful to remember that money is a fragile thing, which we can lose at any time. In addition, wealth makes people less sensitive. They aren’t able to notice both poverty, which is around them, and needs of others.However, m oney is the basic means, which lets people make their dreams come true – the dreams, which have been unavailable since one’s childhood, like travelling all over the world or buying a villa, that’s all to compensate a misery of someone’s childhood. Thanks to having money it’s easier in our life to establish ourselves. Cash can be helpful in achieving many goals like finishing our education. What’s more, money lets us buy basic products which are essential to our daily existence.Human can’t live without eating. We have to be able to earn some money to dress up properly. To sum up the issue is far from solving but it seems that even though money is useful to life we can’t buy the most important things – love or friendship. I think that human has to use money in proper way, without harming others. However, I presume that words: â€Å"Money doesn’t bring happiness† can’t exist in present world, because ev erything circles around money.

Compare And Contrast Songs Essay

The two songs â€Å"Indian Reservation† by Paul Revere and The Raiders, and â€Å"Seminole Wind† by John Anderson expressed emotion, culture, and religion. â€Å"Indian Reservation† song has more of an ‘upbeat’ tempo, and the lyrics that the band sang are a personal view of a Native American or Cherokee tribe. The lyrics seemed angry as they sang about how the Cherokee tribe turned into a mess by becoming â€Å"Americans†. For example: when the song said , â€Å"and all the beads we made by hand, are nowadays made in Japan,† The song shows that the Cherokee tribe’s hard work was importantÍ ¾ but, the â€Å"American† people took over the Cherokee’s work and did not appreciate what they once created by hand. The Cherokee people are proud of what they accomplished in their way of life. The song â€Å"Seminole Wind† by John Anderson has a very country vibe to it. The song has a less ‘upbeat’ toneÍ ¾ however, the rhythm of the song flows well. The lyrics to this song have a more descriptive language to it. When John Anderson was singing, one can easily picture what he was singing about. â€Å"Seminole Wind† has many metaphors and they all have special meanings. Another metaphor is that, the song talks about having destroyed land rather than looking as if their tribe turned into ‘Americans’.

Advertisements Description of Amara Hotels and Resorts, and City Seasons Hotels

Advertisements Description of Amara Hotels and Resorts, and City Seasons Hotels Advert 1 The advert shown below (see Appendix 1) is a magazine advert by Amara Hotels and Resorts; it is an example of a simple but effective advert. From a glance, target market can learn of features and services in the resorts. It has combined bright (shouting) and dull colors (colors of harmony) well to create a pleasant feeling that visitors are likely to get in the hotels and resorts.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Advertisements Description of Amara Hotels and Resorts, and City Seasons Hotels specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the advert framework, target customers can learn more than four services offered by the hotels. The advert users get into details of the advert to understand what the hotel offers and its locations. The above attributes of the adverts make it simple and straight-forward. Color mix used in the advert is another strength portrayed; the colors make the viewers feel harmony and peace. They have been used to communicate the feeling customers are likely to get from their stay in the resorts. The advert background is not only made by appealing combination of shades, but the shades also communicate of more features likely to be found in the hotel. Since the advert is divided into different segments, each area seems to address particular service in the resort. The above gives the advert an upper hand and facilitates effective communication with target customers. The words correctly rhyme with the advert tag; they both have been used to bring more information of the resorts/hotels. The marketing team has used selected words to ensure that customers understand more about the facility and how well they can enjoy their time there. As if all above mentioned is not enough, the advert gives the company an opportunity to write to the customers on different issues regarding the resorts. The advert meets all the requirements of an effective advert (Rakesh, 2005). Advert 2 Advert 2 (see Appendix 2) portrays an ineffective advert made by City Seasons Hotels. There is an obvious mismatch between the name of the hotel and what is portrayed in the advert. When making adverts, it is important for the management to consider even the name of the hotel or the product. In this case, the name of the hotel suggests a place with numerous activities that meet the season of a year.Advertising Looking for report on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, it is not reflected in the advert. According to it, the place has more of indoor activities; it seems so because of the image of a beautiful interior design that the advert portrays. Although the finishing looks superb, the notion created by the name dismisses the good look. The color mix of the advert is not appealing; there is monotony of brown color which is supposed to be a shouting color and color of harmony. The background colors of the ad vert do not also go with each other well, there is nothing else communicated by the advert than what is coming out explicitly. Another problem that the advert has is the use of computer generated/artificial vegetations. The advert should show that the facility has well maintained vegetation. However, a closer look at the picture creates the impression that these trees are made to fit the situation or emphasize a decor and design of the interior, but here they seem to be out of place. The advert has concentrated on one area of its service, provision of accommodation. It has ignored the outdoor services that the resort offers. Since making an advert is expensive to every organization, it would be wiser to take all the possible advantages of it (Kerin Peterson, 2009). However, City Seasons Hotels failed to use their chance. References Kerin, R. A., Peterson, R. A. (2009). Strategic Marketing Problems: Cases and Comments (10th ed.). London: Pearson Education. Rakesh, J. (2005).Interna tional Marketing. New Delhi: Oxford University Press Appendix Appendix 1 Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Advertisements Description of Amara Hotels and Resorts, and City Seasons Hotels specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Appendix 2

The Best Marketing Tips From 9 Top Influencers - CoSchedule Blog

The Best Marketing Tips From 9 Top Influencers Blog This year, sent teams to two of the largest marketing conferences in the world:  INBOUND and Content Marketing World. Together, they attracted nearly 30,000 marketers.  To make the most of it for our teams, and our lovely readers (you!), we asked some of the smarterst marketers in attendance: What is your single biggest marketing takeaway from this year’s conferences? They did not disappoint! In this post, I’m going to share some top takeaways you can put into action by the time you’re done with your next cup of java ☕ï ¸  The Best Marketing Tips From 9 Top InfluencersTop Influencer Takeaways From 2018 INBOUND and Content Marketing World Table of Contents: Kathleen Booth of Impact Andy Crestodina of Orbit Media Ian Cleary of Razor Social John Hall of Influence and Co. Ann Handley of MarketingProfs Anna Hrach of Convince and Convert Julia McCoy of Express Writers Alex Schofield of Wistia Byron White of WriterAccess What Are These Conferences? Before we dive in, it may be helpful to know what these conferences actually are! If youre unsure, no prob. Created and hosted by Hubspot, INBOUND is the largest marketing conference in the world, with nearly 25,000 registrants. And Content Marketing World, created and hosted by Content Marketing Institute, is the gold-standard of content marketing conferences. Loving Boston and #inbound18 👠Ã°Å¸â€˜ Ã°Å¸â€˜  If youre here, swing by for some goodies and say hi 👋 @pic.twitter.com/KHfn5XAs8J Jordan Loftis (@jordan_loftis) September 5, 2018 INBOUND features big-name keynotes like Alex Rodriguez and Scott Harrison. But the nitty-gritty marketing talks are found in hundreds of breakout sessions scattered around a giant convention center (that looks like a spaceship). I have a Ph.D. in failure, but a Masters in getting back up. I choose to focus on the latter. – @AROD #INBOUND18 pic.twitter.com/g6AENF4jRA Jordan Loftis (@jordan_loftis) September 6, 2018 Content Marketing World is similar, with keynotes from the likes of Tina Fey. However, its razor focused on content marketing - as the name implies. Cleveland Rocks! Stop by and say to these handsome devils at #cmworld. You might even get a signed #10xMarketingFormula book! @njellering @EricPiela @garrett_moon @k_n_elson pic.twitter.com/tvFFTMMhqH (@) September 5, 2018 Each conference has value in its own right. Now, here are nine takeaways from top marketers and brands on the heels of these notable conferences. How To Use Medium For Brand Lift And Reach First up, I spoke with  Kathleen Booth, VP of Marketing at  Impact, at INBOUND. She talked about the nature of Medium as another channel in your marketing. Heres what she said: When Hubspot looks at their audience and reach on Medium, 87 percent of the people they reach are not in their contact base. Thats total brand awareness! Add to that, Medium is one of the only places on the internet where long-form content can go viral. Medium has a specific use case: brand lift and reach. But to be successful on Medium you have to work the algorithm. For example, right now, you have to get 50 people to clap within the first 24 hours to simply get on bat. If you’re writing stuff people don’t want to share, you’re not going to get any traction. Medium is a discovery platform. To me, this was a fascinating take on the content platform. Really, it almost turns Medium into another social network. So, if you have a Medium blog, like our 10x Marketing channel, consider digging into what makes great content spread there. And think of it as a brand lift and reach platform. Medium is one of the only places on the internet where long-form content can go viral@WorkMommyWork Write Down Big Goals, Focus On Helping Others, And Remove Distractions From Your Life Next, we caught up with  Andy Crestodina, CEO of Orbit Media, after Content Marketing World. Now, we talk to Andy as much as we can, as hes one of the smartest marketers we know. The one thing that stuck out for me (and Ive found myself talking about) was from Joe Pulizzis big-picture keynote about goals. I didnt know this, but Kung Fu legend Bruce Lee, wrote down his goals in a letter to himself. He committed to becoming an international martial arts superstar, making $10,000,000 and giving the most exciting performances to his fans. Joe suggests we all do the same by writing down our goals, focusing on helping others, and removing distractions for our lives. Great advice for marketers. Great advice for everyone. Thanks, Joe. There you have it. Write down big goals, focus on helping others, and remove distractions from your life. Its interesting that often, doing the job of marketing well means pairing your ambition for growth with a desire to be truly helpful to your audience. Write down goals, focus on helping others, and remove distractions @crestodina Content Optimization Is As Important As Content Creation Ian Cleary from Razor Social  reflected on just how hard it is to stand out. Tactics like SEO arent innovations, theyre necessities. And 84 percent of people  expect brands to do content marketing. To stand out, Ian suggests focusing on optimization as well as attraction. He says: The number of companies investing in content marketing is increasing every year, so its becoming increasingly challenging to get onto page one of Google. Were not even in the race unless we produce high quality content, but we also need to focus more on the optimization of this content and promotion. Optimization includes optimization for SEO, but also includes areas such as optimization for readability, as well as attracting people you need to keep people on your site reading your content. In addition, we also need to invest more time in promoting content organically and through paid advertisement. No matter how good the content is if youre not investing the time in the promotion you wont get the value from it. Ian hints at a simple content marketing framework that works incredibly well: create, promote, optimize. Create content people love and search engines understand. Then aggressively promote that content through paid and organic channels. And finally, dont neglect] optimizing it for the long haul. No matter how good content is, without promotion, you wont get the value from it @IanCleary Dont Be A Copy-Cat Marketer John Hall, co-founder of Calendar and advisor to  Influence Co., knows a thing (or twelve) about content marketing. Influence Co. uses smartly-placed content marketing to help clients become influencers in their fields. Heres what John said on the heels of CMW: I think the biggest focus at Content Marketing World this year was what companies can do as a differentiating factor so that your customer sees you differently than others in the industry. Whether it be my talk on increasing distribution, or Jay Baers talk on Talk Triggers,  or another speaker, there were clear hints of being unique with marketing tactics and not just copy others. I think that stood out to me as something for brands to focus on moving forward. Around , we call unoriginal tactics copycat marketing. While you can certainly get inspired by other brands doing things right, copy-paste marketing jobs will give diminishing returns. Why? Because if everyones doing it, your brand looks like everyone elses. What can companies do as a differentiating factor, so your customer sees you differently? @johnhall Great Content Marketing Imagines The Extraordinary In The Ordinary Ann Handley is one of our favorite marketers, and is the Chief Content Officer of MarketingProfs. She reflected on one of her favorite talks, and how its impacting her brand: Dewitt Jones talked about imagining the extraordinary in the ordinary. To me, great content marketing does that, too: It takes sometimes pedestrian tactics and elevates them. I spoke about in my efforts to retool Total Annarchy, my own newsletter (AnnHandley.com/newsletter) and called out what I see others doing really well with email newsletters. (Most companies are missing the boat completely on them.) (And I say this with love in my heart.) It takes everyday customer questions and sincerely tries to deliver the best answer it can to them, to become that trusted resource. Mitch Joel, Dorie Clark, and I talked about that in our panel on Longform Content (the Long Tales, as Mitch cleverly titled it!). Robert Rose talked about this too. It takes the ordinary moments of business and elevates them into stories that resonate. On the heels of John Halls advice that we take unique paths as content creators, Anns advice is interesting. Instead of trying to go 180-degrees from the norm, she suggests elevating even the pedestrian tactics like newsletters. And how does a marketer do this? By developing trust and answering real customer questions with insight and value. Great content marketing takes the ordinary moments of business and elevates them into stories that Get One Big Idea In Motion Next, we caught up with Anna Hrach, a strategist at Convince Convert. She touched on something every marketer should note in this age of endless channels, strategies, and opportunities: It is so easy to fall in love with every amazing idea presented at Content Marketing World. But, as many of us know all too well, its also just as easy to feel completely overwhelmed and get a bit of analysis paralysis with those same ideas when you get back to the office. Instead of trying to tackle it all at once, sit down and figure out whats going to be the easiest AND most impactful to implement. Get those ideas in motion first, then go down the wishlist. Start with what will make a difference, and work your way out from there. Its so easy to catch shiny-object-syndrome. But prioritizing one big idea at a time is such sound advice. When you try to do everything, you often end up doing nothing. Start with what will make a difference, and work your way out from there @annabananahrach Trustworthy Marketers Will Cut Through The Noise Julia McCoy, course educator and CEO at Express Writers, attended CMW this year (and actually wrote a fantastic takeaway piece on it). My favorite takeaways from CMWorld 2018 (theme: Game On) would be these two points. The first - what Robert Rose said when he took the stage before the first keynote: There is a new player coming into the market: Trust. He said that trust is Player 2 in todays marketing, and hes 100% right! More and more people are looking for that trustworthy brand or marketer in the middle of all of the noise. My second favorite takeaway would have to be what Joe Pulizzi, my all-time favorite content marketer, shared in his keynote: Marketing success only takes three things. Record, Repeat, Remove. Marketing fails when our recorded goals arent big enough; when there is not enough repetition; and when we do not clear the garbage that stops us from achieving our goals. Joe shared that the minimum time was 9 months, average 18 months or longer, of implementing content to see success. These were some major takeaways that Ive been sharing on Twitter, LinkedIn, and internally with my staff post-CMWorld 2018. Julia gave us two tips for the price of one! Trust and process. Focus on building deep rapport with your audience, and remember that content marketing is a very long-term game. More and more people are looking for that trustworthy brand or marketer in the middle of all of the Get Started With Personalized Video Next, I chatted with Alex Schofield, an Account Executive at Wistia, at INBOUND in Boston, MA. The Wistia team obviously eats, sleeps, and breathes all things video marketing. So its no surprise their team had advice on doing it well. Coming out of INBOUND, our biggest recommendation for video marketing in 2019 and beyond is to start (or continue) creating personalized videos! 90% of customers say video helps them make buying decisions, and given how easy it is to record a video on your phone or with a tool like  Soapbox, there’s no reason not to add personalized videos to your tool kit. Using video to answer FAQs, offer a promotion, or just simply say thanks, will help you nurture leads through the funnel. This advice around using video in the sales process is not only a fantastic idea, but its also a great way to breakdown the classic sales-marketing silo. Given how easy it is to record a video on your phone, theres no reason not to add personalized Know Thine Audience, And To Your Own Persona Be True Finally, Byron White, CEO of Writers Access, deepened the theme of building trust by knowing your audience inside and out. Byron said: Good content marketing is all about building a relationship with your audience, so get to know the whole of their parts! What kinds of media do they inhale in their free time? Are they Mac or PC people? Caregivers with crazy schedules or data nerds with a penchant for baseball?  A holistic approach can often help you layer in unique details and interesting angles to your content strategy that makes your approach feel that much more personal to your target audience. Who is your audience? What do they care about? How can you uniquely help them? These are fantastic questions to answer about your personas. And when you do, youll find your strategy can nearly write itself!

Problems with Degu as a result of Incorrect Feeding Coursework

Problems with Degu as a result of Incorrect Feeding - Coursework Example This makes them drink more water and urinate more. If there is too much fat in the food, this causes liver problems in especially female degus who are in fertile age. This results in a drastic increase in weight. Diarrhea is another problem that may occur in degus when they eat too much of something, like a fruit or a vegetable sprayed with chemicals. They will mess around in little bits instead of large droppings. Constipation is caused by incorrect feedings like not taking enough water or dehydration. Overfeeding or unrestricted feeding results in obesity which may also result from diabetes and hepatitis. Hepatitis occurs when degu’s diet contains too much of protein or fat. Degu may also become lethargic and stressful resulting in temperament changes and weakness, a condition called anorexia caused by malnutrition or deficiency of vitamin C. However, excess of vitamin C causes breeding problems like a reproductive failure in male degus. Stress or lack of iron in the diet ma y result in alopecia that causes fur loss. Imbalanced diet for longer periods may also result in degu’s death. To prevent these problems, degu’s diet must be moderated according to the recommended 10 grams of food for a degu per day. Diet should not be high in protein, fat, and sugar. Water should always be available for him. It is important not to breed from degus who have had diabetes in their history. Good exercise levels should be maintained for degus by providing him running wheels and time out of the cage.

The Worlds Most Ethical Companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Worlds Most Ethical Companies - Essay Example This essay will discuss about the ethical responsibilities and company policies of PepsiCo towards consumers, employees and environment. Ethical and social responsibilities are vital for every organization to strengthen the relationship between customers, employees and communities. PepsiCo is the most global ethical company that is promoting ethical responsibility both socially and environmentally. PepsiCo has also developed several practices and programs that can help them to achieve success. Some of world popular beverage brands are owned by PepsiCo which are Pepsi-Cola, Lay’s, Mountain Dew, Tropicana and Diet Pepsi. The pivotal mission of PepsiCo is to be world’s largest premier consumer products’ manufacturing and distributing organization. There are many ways in which PepsiCo behaves morally responsible towards environment. In the year 2009, PepsiCo promoted and created sustainable process that can enable to raise the level of availability of water in regions which are affected by crisis of water. The promotion of clean water is one of the important practices initiated by PepsiCo to be more responsible towards environment. The demonstration and promotion of this practice made PepsiCo Foundation to receive award for best ethical initiative taken by any organization in the year 2010. Huge amount of capital has invested by PepsiCo Foundation to ensure clean water to the emerging markets. Some of the countries in which PepsiCo has started this operational program are Bangladesh, Brazil, India and Africa. Some of the examples of the commitment initiated by PepsiCo for environment sustainability are Safe Water Network Grant and Water Partners Grant (Przybylowicz, 2014). Another moral responsibility of PepsiCo is recycling programs and other environment policies to ensure environmental sustainability. Continuous improvement in the packaging and reduction of waste is core component of PepsiCo to

Risk management Consultant Proposal and Presentation Assignment

Risk management Consultant Proposal and Presentation - Assignment Example Rowing Diversity International Event for 2011, to be held soon. We are a team of consultants bidding for controlling the risk management factors related to this event and in this context are required to make a presentation to the organizing committee. Discussion Risk management can be defined as the process of determining the probability of an undesirable consequence connected with an action or event and then finding out the best ways to mitigate the undesirable consequences through preparation and counter measures (www.investopedia.com). Risk and its management is a very important part of any public event and one such as rowing is fraught with its own particular risks. Among these are the risks of injury or even death that can be caused by sinking and drowning. Not only are the race participants to be taken care of, but also the onlookers and rowing enthusiasts who have come to watch the competition. The US Rowing Association conducts around 150 or more rowing events of various kind s all across the USA every year and also trains the national team. It holds local, regional and national championships and also selects the US National Rowing Team to represent the country in various international rowing events. At a news conference held recently, Mayor Tom Richards announced that the City of Rochester, New York will host the Cross-Country Minority rowing races under the auspices of the US Rowing Association that that will be held in the Genesee River this year (www.whec.com). This was by no means a surprise, for the sport and the number of local enthusiasts has been growing in recent years. New York is a cosmopolitan city with people of different ethnic backgrounds, some of who are keenly interested in rowing and other water sports. Goals in the Risk Management of this Event The main objective here is to conduct the event in a safe and secure manner, protecting the lives and property of all participants and onlookers, as well as controlling risks of hazard to the n atural environment. As an event management and organizing company, we are well aware of the activities that are connected with the event and the risks posed by them. An unfortunate mishap can result in loss of life and property and overshadow the entire event. We have to plan to control every eventuality and limit or mitigate possible losses and damages. It all boils down to good thinking, organizing and implementation of an action plan, should any risks arise (Crouhy et al, 2005). Our first priority is always to look at the venue for the event and anticipate the possible risks that the holding of the event at that venue will present. Distance to the nearest hospital and fire station, as well as police precinct is taken into account. In fact we make sure that a representative of each unit is present at the venue, complete with fire brigade, police vehicle and ambulance to take care of any eventuality. In all cases, there is a fully functioning system for backup if needed. You will b e amazed to know that we even have our own bomb disposal expert on hand in case of any such device being found on ground or in the river where the event will take place. As one of the first steps, our local lab expert even checks a sample of the water in the river to ensure that it does not contain a high degree of contamination that would pose danger to onlookers or race participants. We also plan to have three fully trained lifeguards on

Effect Of Moisture Contents And Storage Temperature Citrus Seeds Biology Essay

Effect Of Moisture Contents And Storage Temperature Citrus Seeds Biology Essay King et al. (1981) determined that the longevity of various citrus seeds improved as the storage temperature and moisture contents of seeds were decreased. The lemon, lime and sour orange dried up to 5 % moisture contents and stored at -20 Â °C suffered no significant decline in viability within the storage period of seven months for lime, lemon and sour orange respectively. Nayer (1981) examined that seeds were extracted from Duncan grapefruit, pineapple, sweet orange, Troyer citrange and rough lemon fruits and these seeds were treated with different fungicides. These seeds were then stored moist, surface dried after 1-16 days of drying at room temperature. All four citrus cultivars showed delayed germination due to drying at different regimes for different durations. With Duncan grapefruit, seed stored moist was 80 % germination twenty days before surface dry seed and some were killed by two days drying. At the other extreme, rough lemon seed survived 16 days drying with out loss of viability and germination delay was not grater after 16 days than after 1-2 days drying. Saraswathy et al. (1997) studied three tropical fruit species believed to recalcitrant seed storage behavior, Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.), rambai (Baccaurea motleyana Muell.- Arg.) and jelentik (Baccaurea polyneura Hook. f.). Their seeds showed no dormancy and they germinated more easily and more quickly. At the time of harvest, the moisture contents (fresh weight basis) were 53.54, 51.20 and 44.90 % for G. mangostana, B. motleyana and B. polyneura respectively. G. mangostana seeds lost their viability when their moisture contents fell to about 24 % while B. motleyana seeds lost their viability below 35.5 % moisture contents. However, for B. polyneura the seeds could be dried to low moisture content with high survival percentage. The viability was still high when the rates of moisture contents were reduced to 13.46 %. At this moisture content, the germination percentage was 91.76 % and it was found that the seeds survived cryopreservation with 8.3 % viability. They also vary greatly in their size. Seeds of G. mangostana are larger than Baccaurea seeds and thus, more sensitive to the desiccation tolerance. Seeds and embryonic axis structure may play a very important role in desiccation sensitivity. Fu et al. (1994) reported that the desiccation tolerance in two species with recalcitrant seeds: Clausena lansium (Lour) and Litchi chinensis (Sonn.) was studied. They resulted that the mature seeds were less sensitive to desiccation than the fully mature ones while the embryonic axis of the same stage were more tolerant of desiccation than whole seeds. Aslantus and Pirlak, (2002) reported that the germination capacity of strawberry pollen increased in low temperature. However, germination percentage of 4Â °C and fresh pollen was almost in first week. Pollens that were stored at 4 Â °C showed low 53.40 % germination percentage in early weeks but the rate of germination was further decreased quickly and up to 48 weeks the rate of germination percentage was 20.10 %. Conclusively the range of temperature and humidity are the major influencing factors in pollen behavior of different conditions. Pollens that were stored at -60Â °C showed better results and these pollens showed 60 % viability after storing for 48 weeks. The most successful factor for pollen conservation is the storage temperatures and moisture contents of material, lowering of both temperature and humidity tends to increase the period of viability. Ganeshan (1986) studied the cryopreservation of papaya pollens in liquid nitrogen (-196 Â °C) and found that the pollen cryopreserved for 485 days retained their viability and germination percentage as high as fresh pollens were germinated in vitro. Pollens stored for 300 days could effect normal fertilization, producing fruit and seed set on a par with controls, indicating no major loss of fertility. Pollen samples exhibited high tolerance to direct freezing at ultra low temperatures un-controlled thawing to ambient temperature and re-freezing back to cryogenic temperatures, when viability was determined after storage. This method of preservation would be more profitable for breeders and gene banks involved in conserving genetic recourses. Normah and Serimala (1995) reported that citrus aurantifolia seeds can be successfully cryopreserved at -196 Â °C after desiccating them to a moisture content of 12.93 % (50% viability) while seeds of C. halimii presented only 25 % viability after cryopreservation at moisture contents of 9.5 %. The Seeds of C. hystrix are highly sensitive to desiccation as they failed to germinate when the moisture contents were reduced to 27 % and thus did not survive cryopreservation. The embryonic axes of the three Citrus species gave higher percentage of survival after cryopreservation. Survival rate was 100 % in C. aurantifolia and C. halimii embryonic axes with moisture contents of 9-11 % and 16.6 % respectively. With C. hystrix axes, the highest survival rate obtained that was 60 % at a moisture content of 11.04 %. The cryopreservation methods were further employed for the embryonic axis of C. hystrix. There was no improvement in the survival percentage obtained. Khalil (1999) observed that unstratified seeds of Troyer citrange, (C. volkameriana) lime cultivars Balady and Rashidi and sour orange were extracted during January. (1) Seed fresh weight (2) Seedling emergence and vigor as affected by seed weight, seed density and soaking in IBA. The comprehensible differences were observed in seed weight and uniformity and the range of its distribution. They also determined that the large and high density seeds were associated with high rates of emergence of seedling. Radhamani et al. (1991) stated that the seed coats usually acted as a mechanical barrier for the germination of the seeds which was improved by removing it in all the seven citrus species tested namely limes, lemons, mandarins, sweet orange, sour orange and pummelos. The surface characteristics of the seed coat were examined using SEM and surface structure differed in the various species under study. A correlation between the thickness of seed coat and their rate of germination was found in these species. Chilembwe et al. (1992) reported that commercially processed seed of different citrus cultivars. The seeds were used as the effect of hydration and priming on the rate of germination. Seeds which were soaked in aerated water showed increased germination rates and emergence rates compared with that of un- soaked seeds. The soaking of seeds at 35 Â °C temperature enhanced these differences rather than at 25 Â °C. Priming seeds in solution of PEG 6,000 was not successful as germination and emergence percentage were lower than soaking in distilled water. Polat and Kaska (1992) studied the impacts of stratification at 4 Â °C for 30 days on germinations for the seeds of Loquat cultivars Gold Nugget and Tanaka. Stratification markedly increased the rate of germination percentage of seeds, resulting in 98.75 % germination. Un-stratified but chilled seeds demonstrated 68.75 % germination, while untreated and controlled seeds show 63.75 % germination. Stratified seeds germinated more rapidly than the seeds which were untreated. Kadam et al. (1994) reported that viability and rate of germination percentage of ciotrus limonia seeds were examined during the storage period for up to six weeks in the open air or in polythene bags at room temperature (90 % RH) and storage temperature 10 Â °C (45 % RH). Both were declined during the storage periods but this decrease was least for seeds stored at 10 Â °C +45 % RH. Dument and Berjak (1995) described that the recalcitrant seeds were generally larger and show much curtailed longevity even if stored hydrated. They also determined minimum water content tolerated by embryos of five recalcitrant species and their subsequent survival after cryopreservation. Roberts et al. (1999) reported that the citrus seeds have practically recalcitrant seed storage behavior, because they are highly sensitive to desiccation (cryogenic) temperature condition. Usually it was desirable for long term storage conservation of seeds. More recently, it has proved that citrus seeds have not been considered to be truly recalcitrant, as they can tolerate desiccation to some extent. However, their tolerance is limited and varies from species to species and variety to variety. Citrus seeds are some what intermediate between orthodox and recalcitrant seeds and can be named as non orthodox. Hong and Ellis (1995) stated that there are differences in seed storage behavior among species particularly within the genus. Seeds of C. Robusta and C. libercia were tested for germination following desiccation and storage for up to one year at -20Â °C with 5-13 % (robusta) or 5-14 % (liberica) moisture content. Viability was lost more quickly during storage conditions the lowest the temperature below 15 Â °C and the lowest moisture content 11.3 %. Seeds of C. liberica were more sensitive to desiccation. Only the 6 % surviving rate was obtained to desiccation with 13.5 % moisture content. It is concluded that C. libercia showed recalcitrant seed storage behavior but that C. robusta shows an intermediate seed storage behavior. Evidence is variation in seed storage behavior with in the genus Citrus and the intermediate category is discrete rather than a continuum between orthodox and recalcitrant. Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Citrus Seed Germination Burger and Hackett (1982) observed that Valencia orange seeds did not germinate when the fruits were harvested during the early November, while seed from November harvested fruit stored at 3-4 Â °C for 21 days germination was 100 %. An equivalent germination response was obtained when seeds from fruits were extracted in April. They were also examined when treatment of IBA reduced about 50% germination in seeds from non cold treated fruits. Burger (1983) reported that germination of sour orange seeds air dried for more than 1 day was delayed and the rates of germination were decreased. A naphthalene-acetic acid soaked seeds reversed the effect of drying and resulted in taller seedling with stem dry weight. But stratification and a water soak did not reverse the undesirable effect of air drying. Edwards and Mumford (1983) informed that the seeds of citrus aurantium were stored in a range of different substances including fruit juices, phenols, growth regulators, and a kind of fungicides and solutions of high osmotic potential. The effects of these substances on germination at 200 Â °C and on viability of seeds stored at 40 Â °C over long periods were examined. Low temperature 4 Â °C alone was more effective and more valuable than any of the substances in preventing germination or growth in storage and had no adverse effect on germination percentage. The survival rate of imbibed seeds at 4Â °C was best in 10-2 M NAA. The germination imbibitions at 25 Â °C were incomplete with all the substances, and there was significant loss of viability. Ramos et al. (1997) reported that the immature fruits contain larger number of seeds than mature fruits. The seeds were removed from immature fruits, 10 to 12 weeks after anthesis of Citrus sunki and disinfected with 1 % NaOCl for 20 minutes before placing on Murashige and skoog medium. After 40 days at 25 Â °C with a 16-h photoperiod at 3,000 lux, showed that the highest germination percentage rates (8 %) corresponded to an NAA concentration of 0.68 mg/L. The concentration of benzyladenine in this trial was inadequate to stimulate satisfactory development of the immature seeds of cv. Sunki. Kalita et al. (2002) determined the effect of plant growth regulators (PGRs) gibberellic acid, IBA, IAA and NAA at different concentrations (200, 400, 600 and 800 ppm) on citrus reticulate seed germination. Plant growth regulators (PGR) treated seeds required only fewer days for germination than distilled water treated seeds (control). Treatment with 600ppm IBA recorded the shortest time (19 days) required for germination. This was statically at par with 800ppm IAA, 600 and 800ppm GA3 (21, 20 and 21 days respectively). Treatment with 800ppm NAA recorded the highest germination percentage (86.6 %) which was statistically at par with 600ppm IBA (80 %). The control treatment recorded the lowest germination percentage (33.33 %). The highest leaf number (7) was recorded upon treatment with 800ppm IBA. The control treatment recorded the lowest leaf number as compared to the PGR treated seeds. Parsad and Rekha (1991) observed that the seeds of three strains of Rangpur lime and acid lime were irradiated at the amount of 6-2KR and germination rates were compared with that of the control one. A significant decreased in germination rates were occurred with increasing the exposure of 50-60 % at the semi lethal dose level. The radiation sensitivity was of chief importance in the mutations program. Rao and Singh (1992) reported that hydration-dehydration treatments with tanic acid and benzoic acid increased the percentage of the germination in black gram and green gram, while compared with water soaked and dry seeds. Dhillion et al. (1993) examined that hybrid seeds from 6 citrus cultivars crosses, dried and sown in polythene bags filled with a mixture of farm yard manures (FYM) and sand during the month of August. Seeds of seven combinations failed to germination. The highest seed germination percentage (74.4 %) was gained with the Ludhiana selection + Lime Attari cross. Leonel et al. (1994) accounted that seeds extracted from mature and ripe fruits on 5th May, washed in running tap water and then dried under shade for a week, stored at 4-5 Â °C until 16 September. Then these seeds were soaked in water in various solutions of growth regulators for 24 hrs. The seeds were germinated at 25 Â °C under white light on filter paper moistened with distilled water. The germination was evaluated after every two days. Data was calculated and tabulated on the number of germinated seeds, germination percentage, average germination time and average rate. The differences were observed between different treatments but germination was highest (97 %) following treatments with phenylmethylaminopurine at 20mg/L. Raju and Sivaprakasam (1994) deliberated that the effects of the treatments with fungicides, bactericides, hot water on the viability of cabbage cultivars. September seeds were judged promptly after treatment and after storage under ambient condition for 3 or 6 months. Seeds treated with carbendazim at the rate of 2g/Kg, hot water at 50Â °C for 30 min or thiram at the rate of 2g/Kg had higher germination percentage (mean values for the 3 assessments of >80 %) than the control (71 %). Normah et al. (1997) observed that desiccation sensitivity of seeds of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), rambai (Baccaurea motleyana) and jelentik (Garcinia polyneura). These were known as tropical fruits species believed to have recalcitrant seed storage behavior. The seeds showed no dormancy, they germinated easily. At the time of harvesting, the moisture contents were 53.54, 51.20 and 44.90 %. The seeds of Mangosteen (G. mangostana) lost their viability when their moisture contents fell to about 24 % while B. motleyana seeds lost viability below 35.5 % moisture contents. However, for B. polyneura seeds could be dried to low moisture contents with highest survival rate. The viability was still high when the moisture contents were reduced to 13.46 %. At this moisture content, the germination percentage was 91.76 % and it was found that the seeds survived cryopreservation with 8.3 % viability. For B. polyneura axes, the los of viability when their moisture contents fell to about 36 % , while for B. polyneura axes viability was reduced to 33.67 % when the moisture is 27.30 %. So it was concluded that the seeds vary in degree of desiccation sensitivity. Dussert (1999) determined the seed desiccation sensitivity in nine species of the genus Coffea by measuring seed viability after equilibration and various saturated salt solutions. The results showed that Coffea is a suitable material for studying desiccation sensitivity. Leonel and Rodrigues (1999) reported that the citrus limonia seeds were extracted from ripe fruits, washed with tap water, air dried and then these seeds were stored at 4 Â °C for 12 days. After storage these seeds were then treated for 24 hrs with KNO3 0.1 % at the rate of different concentrations. The evaluations were observed and conducted at 5 days interval, starting 15 days after sowing. The statistical analysis showed that the growth regulator treatment did not enhance seed germination and those treatments with KNO3 at 0.1 % and 0.2 % inhibited the germination of seeds Tokeshi et al. (1999) reported that the supply of energy of seeds decreases during the germination periods. The survival percentage of the seedlings probability increases if the germination period of seeds is reduced. The potential of seedling survival is called vigor which can be determined from the speed of emergence. The effective micro organisms (EM) have plant growth regulator action like Naphthalene acetic acid. The speed of emergence was evaluated in tangerine cv. Coleoptra seeds treated with metalaxyl for 30 minute before sowing. The speed of emergence of the EM treatment was superior to the control one. The growth promoter effect of EM was best during the initial four days of emergence of the seedlings. In comparison of 40 days old seedlings, the EM treated seeds produced larger plants than that of the control treatment. Hong et al. (2000) stated that the viability of Norway maple seeds collected 21 days before mass maturity (68 % moisture content) and at mass maturity (65 % moisture contents). Their viability was reduced from 52-85 % to 7 % if dried rapidly to 4-5 % moisture contents. Effect of storage on seed moisture contents King and Roberts, (1979) stated that viability of citrus seeds is greatly affected by drying for different time periods, viability being decreased when the moisture contents were reduced to some extent. Citrus seeds have been usually classified as recalcitrant seeds as some species loss their viability when the moisture contents are reduced below 10 %. Recalcitrant seeds normally originated from certain moist areas where the seeds are not exposed to drying before germination. In their natural habitat, conditions are often favorable for instantaneous germination and the seeds do not require long term storage conservation. Richards, (1952) reported that the seeds of musk lime (C. macrocarpa) lost their viability at different storage regimes, at high temperature and at the low moisture contents in a few days. Teng and Hor, (1976) reported that the seeds of country lime (C. aurantifolia) lost their viability and moisture contents after 7 days when they were stored at 20-25Â °C. Mungomery et al. (1966) determined that the viability of citrus seeds can be maintained in storage regimes when the moisture content is high and the range of temperature is 5-10 Â °C. Barton, (1943) reported that sour orange (C. aurantium) seeds deteriorated in a short time at the moisture contents of 80 % and a temperature of 5 Â °C, but rough lemon (C. limonia) seeds were still viable at the moisture contents of 56 % and at a temperature of 5 Â °C after 500 days. The seeds of C. grandis were viable at the moisture contents below 10 % (Hanjo and Nakagawa, 1978) and the seeds of grapefruit (C. paradise) and mandarin (C. reticulate) were viable after 80 days stored at 14.1 % and 10 % moisture contents respectively at a temperature of 4.5 Â °C (Mallareddy, et al., 1977). Mumford and Grout, (1979) indicated that citrus seeds can be stored in dry condition for different time periods. Recently experiments have shown that C. limon seeds remained viable for 20 days stored at a moisture content of 1.2 % at room temperature, provided that the testas were removed from the seeds before drying. The advantages of storing dry seeds are significant in practical terms since a very little space is occupied by the dry seeds and they are easier to handle and maintain free from micro- organisms, but there is insufficient evidence to data to suggest that all citrus species can be stored in this way. Cameron and Soost, (1969) reported the fact that the seeds responded differently to dry storage when their seed coats were removed. The seed coat may be an important factor in seed preservation. It is known that the seed coat generally is one of the major and important factors that generally influenced seed germination. Citrus seed coats can be easily distinguished into three layers, the mucilage, the testa and the tegmen. The outer seed coat or testa is tough and is covered by mucilage. The tegmen is a thin and papery layer of seed. Their roles are not still well understood. Removing the testa usually accelerate the germination of the seeds. In their natural habitat, these layers are likely to protect from the dehydration until environmental conditions are favorable for better germination of citrus seeds (King and Roberts., 1979). Hortmann et al. (2001) reported that the rate of germination of the Seed is greatly influenced by many factors, which include type of substrate, environmental factors such as oxygen, water and temperature and for some plant species, light. Effect of Desiccation on Citrus Seeds Wood et al. (2000) concluded that desiccation results in the induction of dormancy rather than reducing the seed viability and showed that heat shock (4 hours at 36Â °C) followed by low temperature (26CÂ °C) could be used to break the dormancy. Wood et al. (2000) determined the effect of desiccation and temperature on germination capability of Papaya seeds. More than 50 % of freshly isolated cleaned but un-dried seeds germinated at 26 Â °C. However, desiccation to approximately 20 % relative humidity reduced the rate of germination percentage at this temperature to less than 10 %. A substantial increase in the rate of germination at alternating temperature (33/19Â °C) indicated that desiccation induces seed dormancy rather than viability loss. Doijode (1998) reported that the seeds of Kaghzi lime with 6.6 % moisture contents were packed in aluminoum foil laminated pouches under partial vacuum and then these packets were filled with nitrogen and carbon dioxide. These packet were stored at -20, 5, 15 Â °C and ambient (16-35 Â °C) temperature. There was no germination of seeds which were stored under ambient temperature after 6 months of storage while their viability was retained for 24 months in low temperature. Seed viability was initially affected due to desiccation injury. Pritchard et al. (2004) reported that the first challenge for the long term conservation of seeds of desiccation sensitive species is to determine their response to desiccation tolerance. This can be achieved either by the routine processing of seeds for long term conservation and identifying species more actively by specific, targeted screening that fail to survive or by fully characterizing the response to dehydration of individual species ( Hong and Ellis, 1996). Using these approaches, approximately 540 species with desiccation sensitive seeds have been identified (Flynn et al, 2004), although it has been estimated that this trait could be present in an approximately 8 % (20000 species) of the world flowering plants (Dickie and Pritchard, 2002). As it is unlikely that all of these species will ever be identified through experimental determination, a second approach to desiccation tolerance investigation is needed that identifies reliable and robust correlate of seed desiccation, leading to the development of a predictive frame work for seed storage responses. A number of studies have determined potential correlation of seed desiccation sensitivity, including seed mass (Hong and Ellis, 1998; Dickie and Pritchard, 2002; Pritchard et al., 2004), seed shape(Tompsett, 1984,1987; Hong and Ellis, 1997, seed moisture content at shedding (Hong and Ellis, 1998), seed germination rates, seed allocation to physical defence (Pritchard et al., 2004; Daws et al., 2005) and both gross and local scale habitate variables (Hong and Ellis, 1998; Dussert et al., 2000; Tweddle et al., 2003; Pritchard et al., 2004; Daws et al., 2005). Rate of dehydration greatly effects desiccation tolerance of recalcitrant seeds. This effect is presumably related to two different stress factors: direct mechanical or physical stress factor because of the loss of the water physiochemical damage of tissues as a result of metabolic alterations during drying. Liang and Sung (2002) determined a new theoretic approach to represent these two types of stresses and investigated how seed tissues responded differently to two stress vector, using the model of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) and ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) embryonic tissues dehydrated under various drying conditions. Cumulative desiccation stress increased sharply under slow drying conditions, which was also detrimental to embryonic tissues. This quantitative analysis of the stress time response relationship helps to understand the physiological basis for the existence of an optimal dehydration rate, with which maximum desiccation could be achieved. Hong et al. (2001) determined that storage behavior and longevity of seeds of lemon (C. limon) and sweet orange (C. sinensis) following desiccation between 14 and 4 % moisture contents. They also observed the hermetic air dry storage for up to 914 days at temperature between 15 and -20 Â °C up to 6 days in liquid nitrogen (-196 Â °C). The results conformed that both the species showed intermediate storage behavior that is between Orthodox and recalcitrant. Air dry storage environment require care to obtain maximum longevity of seeds. The seeds of sweet orange were highly sensitive to desiccation tolerance and less than 25 % of seeds were survived more than 210 days at 5 Â °C and 8.7 % moisture contents. The most advantageous air drying environment for the medium storage of the longer lived lemon seeds was 5Â °C and 7.5 % moisture contents. Fu et al. (1994) reported that desiccation tolerance of Clausena lansium (Lour.) seeds was highest at 67 days after anthesis (DAA). When they tolerated air- drying for 9 days: 74 DAA was measured as physiological maturity and their full viability was only maintained for up to 3 days of drying. Over ripened seeds (88 DAA) had the lowest desiccation tolerance. In Litchi chinesis (Sonn.) the desiccation sensitivity of seeds at 98 DAA (fully mature) was higher than that at 84 and 91 DAA (less mature). Role of Seed Drying Methods on Citrus Seed Behavior: Saipari et al. (1998) determined the effect of air and silica drying on seed germination percentage and viability, field emergence, seedling growth and water absorption patterns in citrus species. P. trifoliate was the most sensitive to seed drying while C. grandis and C. karna were fairly tolerant to seed drying. Seed viability scored on the basis of tetrazolium staining was slightly higher but paralleled the germination percentage in laboratory and seedling emergence. There have not been appropriate methods for drying of seeds. The drying of seeds has major effect on the quality of the seed. Pachy et al. (2003) designed an experiment to determine proper drying techniques in order to improve the seed quality of citrus seeds. There were three drying methods namely sun drying, 40Â °C hot air oven and using silica gel as the moisture absorbent. Initial seed moisture content were determined and recorded. Seed samples were quickly dried until it reached to the moisture contents of 20, 15, 10, and 5 % respectively. Standard germination tests, vigor tests by accelerated aging technique, viability tests by tetrazolium chloride test were used. It was observed that drying with silica gel result 57 % germination rate, 92 % in viability test and 38 % in vigor test. Hot air oven drying method provided 47 % in germination, 90 % in viability test and 29 % in vigor test. The result of two previous methods can maintain the viability of citrus seeds but can not spr out may be due to chemical inhabitant of seeds. While the sun drying method result poorest quality of the seeds which were 30 % in germination rate, 85 % in viability and 19 % in seed vigor. The use of sun drying system has provided highest temperature which generally makes them unsuitable for small scale drying harvested seed crops. Silica gel can reduce the relative humidity below 40 % and then removed the seed moisture contents. Therefore, drying with seed moisture absorbent was the best result and sun drying was the poorest method of drying seeds. Sangakara, (1995) reported that the drying citrus seeds under shade and ambient temperatures maintained germ- inability to greater extent than when the seeds are desiccated in ovens. Silica gel drying method was first used by the Pritchard et al. (2004) for safe and effective dehydration of seeds. Six or seven aliquots of seeds were placed in polythene bags with an equal mass of freshly regenerated silica gel desiccants. The bags were then placed in an incubator at 26 Â °C and periodic reweighing of the seeds, separated from the silica gel, allowed target masses and hence the moisture contents to be obtained. Maximum drying times varied from 6 d, for Sclerocarya birrea, to 35 d for Syzygium cumini depended on the time required for the seeds to reach3-7 % moisture contents. Edwards and Mumford (1985) dried up the seeds of sour orange in streams of air and some of its constituents gasses which were O2, N2 and CO2 at 25-40 Â °C. The seeds lost their moisture contents at different rates in the different gasses at the same temperature and showed marked variation in the rates of germination. The intact seeds dried at a rate of 30 % moisture loss per 100 hrs in a rapid air current showed the best viability. Chemical composition of Citrus seed Prill et al. (1949) determined the effect of chemical compounds and organic acids on the germination of the seeds and growth of seedlings. Evenari, (1949) mentioned that fruit juice of C. aurantium, C. limon, C. maxima and C. nobilis contain a substance that inhibit the germination of the seed of citrus. The effect of these acids and chemical compounds on the germination of citrus seeds and the effect of a sudden change in their concentrations on the physiology of seed has not been explored. Cohen, (1956) and Monselise (1959) provided the evidence for the existence of the inhibitors in the seed coat of citrus seeds. They showed that when the seeds of citrus were soaked in water, the resulting solutions inhibited the germination of weed seeds and suggested that this effect might be caused by the presence of inhibitor substances in the seed coat of citrus such as phenolic contents. Van buren, (1970) reported that the chemical compounds like protein, fats, sugars, phenolics, enzymes are widely distributed in plant, particularly in fruits. The amount of these compounds per fruit usually decreased as the size of the fruit increased. Among these compounds phenolics are the major inhibitors for the germination of seeds after ABA. Ulrich, (1970) reported that when citrus seeds are removed from the fruits there was a remarkable change in their environment because the pulp and juice of the fruit are very rich in organic acids and chemical compounds like protein, fats, sugar and lipids. These compounds are usually dissolved in the water either free or in combination with salts, esters or glycosides. In lemon juice the citric acid is 60-90 % of the total soluble sugars (Wolf, 1958). Devlin, (1975) determined the effect of dehydration on the seed coat that has not been still investigated, and it is possible that the viability of the seed is reduced during drying due to change in the nature of the seed coat which in turn effect the embry